The United Nations Security Council International - Free Essay Example

The United Nations Security Council (henceforth SC) is the executive arm of the United Nations (UN). The SC consists of five permanent members (P-5), namely: the United States, Britain, France, Russia and China. In addition it has ten non permanent members which are chosen by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). Calls to reforming the most dominant organ of the United Nations, the Security Council have gained an increased consideration in the last few decades. The Reform proposals about mainly discussed about changing the membership or the working methods and other procedures adopted by the current SC. However, the question which arises from the proposed reforms is whether a change in the structure or the procedures will enhance the credibility of this institution. Hence the use of the journal and the two consecutives articles will play an integral in the dissertation process. It will give an insight how I will proceed in investigating why the SC should be reformed, why it is difficult to reform the SC and also the problems with present reform proposals. 2. C. Eduardo Vargas Toro  [1]  , UN Security Council Reform: Unrealistic proposals and viable reform options, 25 November 2008, American Diplomacy This article evaluates that the majority of reform proposals that have been b rought forward by different nations so far are either due to their quest for a permanent seat in the SC or to their will to prevent their rival from joining the security council. The author that claims that in any way, these motives will not bring along any reform to the Security Council, which he described as being flawed from the beginning. He mainly concentrates on the shortcoming of an enlarged membership of permanent members. According to him, an increased membership does not essentially mean an efficient SC as a larger group might slacken serious negotiations while at the same time being too small to represent todays world. the author also argue that it is merely self-interest and not democracy issues which lies behind these membership claims. Therefore it might prove difficult to reach a conciliation when it comes to political issues since each member state will be fighting for their own national interests. He claims by adding new members with veto powers will only hinder the SC from acting proficiently. The writer support this argument by stating that P-5 national interests already impede the SC from addressing issues closest to them and adding new veto members will further decrease the odds of a specific issue from being addressed. This editorial constitutes vital source on this subject that will help me in-depth analysis of the reform and veto issues since its proposed reforms are more focused on attainable objectives that eventually render the Security Council into a more effective and competent organization. Indeed, the scheme set forward by the writer are mainly to limit the use of the veto. he also claims that without the veto the SC might lack the necessary political and military might to carry out the functions for which it was created. However, the author adds that countries invoking the veto should be required to state and defend their reasons for using it. Unlike other reform proposals, the author points out that a set of well-de fined standing rules of procedures by the SC will be an effort to ensure that the power struggle over interpretation does not fall exclusively into the hands of the P-5, thereby avoiding their use of the double veto. moreover, the author proposes a triumvirate- institutionalised presidency. He emphasize a that such a presidency will allow the leadership of the SC to rest into an institution, He also believes that having a secretarial body provided for by the P-5 or E-10 groups of friends having a systematic experience to act as an institutional memory by providing a better understanding of the procedures which will be beneficial as well as an essential tool in creating an efficient SC. Finally the writer claims that the reforms of the UN Security Council has to look forward for more realistic objectives for the P-5 to accept as any amendment to the Charter obviously require their votes and its evident they will not go against proposals which will hinder their interest or power s. Thomas G. Weiss  [2]  , The Illusion of the UN Security Council Reform, Autumn 2003, The Washington Quarterly, 26:4 pp 147-161 Unlike the above piece of writing, the writer here consent that SC does not reflect the actual distribution of the 21st century power but he stressed on the fact that reform proposals deriving from diplomats have not yet addressed the imbalance between seats at the SC and the actual military capacity outside the SC chamber. He states that with a US global presence as great as that of any empire in history, it can be said at present that there are in fact two worlds organizations: The UN- global in membership and the US global in reach and power.(pg 152) he further states that jostling about the UN charter reform is a mere distraction, as the US will certainly not agree to take part in an organization whose aim will be to limit its big powers. the author prove his point by stating the UNs powerful capacity is only on loan, and UN led or UN approved military operations are carried forward only after the signature of Washington. He asserts that this fact wont alter until the Eur ope an steps in investing particularly on their defense system in order to acquire an equivalent independent military capacity as US. After having analysed the bombastic fireworks over the proposed reforms of the SC, the author is of the opinion that adaptation to the actual SC behaviour, rather than any formal alterations to either its membership or procedures, will rather improve the SC credibility. He refers to the steps taken by member states in enabling more transparency and accountability within the SC as a pragmatic modification in the SCs procedures. The author concludes by stating that the SC should preserve the aim for which it has been set up and that any change brought in the structure of this institution will not fight against its main weaknesses, among which the veto and complete reliance upon the US military force in projecting military power across the globe. Nico Schrijver Reforming the UN Security Council in Pursuance of Collective Security (2007) Journal of Conflict and Security Law 12 (1) 127 138 Unlike both articles, in this journal the author summarize the functions of the SC and says how the drafters wanted to set up an institutions unlike from the L.O.N  [3]  . He develops his arguments on how the SC enlarged after the cold war. With the challenges and tensions to security such as refugees and terrorism for example, urge the need of expansion. Throughout these recent threats he observed that the council took up a quasi-legislative role, by ratifying legislation that repeatedly applied to national law of the member states. He therefore raise the question of the SC taking on a more semi-judicial part. Schrijver responds to the main task of the SC which he decided should be an organ of limited membership capable of acting timely, decisively and with the power to enforce its decisions. nevertheless the major challenge to the SC is how to form a council adequately small for effective and efficient action  [4]  and large enough to work and its choices acceptable. T he writer look at the approaches to achieve this perfect council through Article 23 which distinguished between permanent and elected members  [5]  and refers to the expansion of elected seats in 1963 as a more adequate geographical representation and making it a more effective organ for carrying out its functions under the charter of the UN.  [6] He also looks for reform, arguing how they would increase to a council of 24, and would have a distinct view of geographically equalising membership. Nico examines Annans 2005 report and how none of the proposals put forward gained enough support. In the end the writer search for different ideas to those proposed for representativeness and effectiveness of the council. He also disputes if expansion is what is needed, would a council of 15 members not be as efficient as one of 24. Or even a change to membership this could be a way of giving substance to Article 23.  [7]  besides, he repeat on his expansion comments and aga in calls for an alternative method, an instance would be by bettering the way the council works. He notes that an increased council will not do any better unless it provides for more transparency, accountability and inclusiveness.  [8]

Communications Gender Differences in use of Linguistic - 1375 Words

Communications: Gender Differences in use of Linguistic (Essay Sample) Content: Gender Differences in use of LinguisticNameInstructorInstitutionDateThis research was conducted to establish whether men and women are different with respect to the use of tag questions, intensifiers and hedges in English and Persian. This study, based on Lakoff ideas regarding linguistic differences that exist between males and females were considered. In order to capture the most natural-like data, 8 Persian and 6 English and film scripts with a social and family theme were selected from amongst all the situations accessible in two libraries of the University. After all 9,280 utterances were deliberated; the results were then grouped into four major categories (Eckert McConnell-Ginet, 2013).Same gender and cross culture, cross-gender and the same culture, cross culture data and, cross-gender and cross culture was evaluated. The final results of the 21 Chi-squares calculated indicated that no significant difference between the four groups in the use of tag questions intensifiers and hedged. The answers of the study did not support Lakoffs opinion concerning gender-bound language at least in the three areas and the corpus examined in this research.It is evident that men and women from same social class and speech community may use different linguistic forms. The linguistic methods used by men and women normally contrast to some degree in all speech communities. For instance, the Amazon Indians language used by a childs mother is totally different from the one used by his father and every tribe is separated by a different language. In such community, males and females communicate in different languages.From many researchers, Lakoff proposed principles on the reality of womens language. Her book Language and Womans Place is a basis for many researchers on the subject (Pennebaker, Mehl Niederhoffer, 2003).To study Lakoffs hypothesis, the scholars picked three grammatical categories namely tag questions, intensifies and as the basis of analysis. T he hypothesis in Lakoffs work stated that women use intensifiers, tag questions, and hedges more than men do in English and Persian. This resulted in three null hypotheses listed as follows:There is no main difference that exists between the clusters under study on the usage of hedges.There is no major difference between the clusters under study on the usage of intensifiers.There is no major difference between the clusters under study on the usage of tag questions.To perform the study, the researchers made used English film scenarios that included Out of Sight, Blood Simple, Taxi Driver, China Town, American Beauty and My Beautiful Launderette. On the other hand, the Persian film situations used be smu:r (The Sables Night), z kre t: rn (From Karkheh to Rine), si:b (The Apple), beh:ye :sem:n (Children from the Heaven), otobu:s (The Bus) e:re neinh: (The Tenents), nu:n o goldu:n (Bread and vase), ru:si-ye xu:b:n (The Wedding of the Nice People) and Both scenarios selected had family a nd a social theme.The researchers used of scenarios found in media so, as to receive results that could depict the linguistic outcomes of normal people in natural environments. In their study, they understand that data established from scenarios were very similar, if not the same, to natural data. Poems from different sources were not used, because they were understood to be quite different from the normal language especially with respect to structure and sequences of elements. Its funny that there are communities where women and men speak the same language; however some different linguistic features appear in their language. Such differences range from vocabulary, to pronunciation or morphology (Taiwo, 2010).Scientists refer to Japanese, where distinct words, which have the same meaning, are used characteristically by men and women. For instance, in Japanese when a woman wants to refer to water, she says ohiya while a man uses the term miza. Mens language is normally considered to be assertive direct, adult, and while womens language is hyper-formal immature, non-assertive and polite (Spitzberg, 2006). To show clears example of intensifiers, hedges and tag questions the researchers reviewed each expression and jointly decided if an example of a tag question, hedge or intensifier had been investigated. Some verses were investigated from a book where relevant data was collected; the investigators first read English and Persian scenarios with great care. Afterwords, the number of sounds in the book was counted. The utterances further they were divided into two sections, those produced by males and those produced by females.Data Collection ProceduresTo collect the important data, the researchers read all the English and Persian scenarios with great care then, the number of utterances in every book was calculated. Afterwords, the utterances were separated into two sections, those produced by males and those produced by. The data presented in Table 1 below:Table 1: Frequency of tags, Intensifiers, Hedges as produced in English andPersian case by Males and Females.English scenarios Persian scenarios Males (U=2827) Females (U=1306) Males (U=3781) Females (U=1366) T 44 (1.55%) 8 (0.61%) 9 (0.23%) 9 (0.65%) I 110 (3.89%) 78 (5.97%) 110 (2.9%) 74 (5.4%) H 150 (5.3%) 77 (5.89%) 72 (1.9%) 74 (5.4%) I= Intensifier, H= Hedge, T= Tag, U= UtteranceIn this research, utterance was applied as the unit of speech, because there were a number of scenarios in Persian cases where a sentence did not stop in a full stop rather it stopped with a comma (Spitzberg, 2006). On the other hand, three or two sentences were joined by a conjunction like and. Additionally, the description of the sentence was vague. The investigators considered utterance to be a good device to follow up a comparative study (Hargie, 2010). All linguistic production of every person is considered as a sole utterance (For instance, in the extraction, John: How are you Jack? Jack: Fine, thanks )F indings and ResultsResults of data will be obtainable in four groups. In the first section, assessments are made between cross-gender, same culture data. Secondly, same gender, cross culture data. Additionally, cross gender, cross culture data will be worked on. Lastly in the fourth part contrasts are made between both genders.Statistics on Cross Gender, Same Culture DataAs indicated in the table, no Chi-squares calculated can reject the null-hypothesis. It is clear that there is no difference existing between English females and males with respect to the use of the three linguistic mentioned. Same results were created by Persian females and malesTable 2: The outcome of the Chi-square as Computed for Cross Gender, Same Culture Data. Cross gender, same culture English scenarios Persian scenarios Males vs. Females Males vs. Females T X= 0.4 NS X= 0.2 NS H X= 0.03 NS X= 1.32 NS I X= 0.43 NS X= 0.75 NS NS= Not Significant P 0.05Statistics on Same Gender, Cross Culture DataThe main rea son was to establish and compare the outcome of each gender in Persian and English scenarios concerning the use of Tags, intensifiers and hedges differently. Consequently, comparisons were established between the utterances made by males in English and Persian Table 3: The Results of the Chi-square as Computed for Same Gender, Cross Culture Data. Same gender , cross culture Males Females English/Persian scenarios English/Persian scenarios T X=0.97NS X=0.001NS H X=1.6NS X=0.09NS I X=0.97NS X=0.001NS NS= Not Significant P 0.05Table 3, the hypothesis similar and cannot be rejected regarding English an...